Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (commonly referred to as GLP-1 medications) have been used for many years in the treatment of high blood sugar and diabetes. In recent years, several of these medications have also received FDA approval for other indications—most notably, for weight loss. Ongoing research continues to explore additional potential benefits and future uses. Let’s look at both the current FDA-approved uses and the emerging applications of GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Current FDA Approved Uses
Diabetes: Medications including liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide have been shown to be effective in the treatment of diabetes to reduce blood sugar levels. Additionally, these medications help to lower the risk of comorbid conditions such as heart and kidney disease.
Obesity/Weight Management: GLP -1s have gained attention in recent years for their effectiveness in weight management. Patients often report decreased appetite, reduced cravings and increased feelings of fullness, all of which can support sustained weight loss when combined with lifestyle changes.
Cardiovascular disease: Some medications in the GLP-1 family have also been approved for use in certain cardiovascular conditions. Not only do they help with weight loss, (which has been shown to be beneficial for patients with certain heart conditions) they also help reduce inflammation in the blood vessels, lowering the risk of potential life-threatening conditions including heart attack and stroke.
Obstructive Sleep apnea: In 2024 the FDA approved the use of tirzepatide for treatment of sleep apnea in patients with obesity. By losing weight, studies have shown that patients with obstructive sleep apnea can improve their condition and reduce the episodes of apnea while sleeping.
Clinical Trials and Other Potential Uses
Ongoing research in off-label usage and clinical trials of GLP-1 receptor agonists indicates promising benefits in the treatment of other conditions including:
- Kidney disease
- Neurological disorders/Dementia
- Alcohol use/Addictions
- Gastrointestinal disorders
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Individuals interested in possibly joining a clinical trial, or learning more information, can speak with their healthcare provider and go to clinicaltrials.gov to search for available trials.
Risks, Side Effects and Considerations
One of the barriers to treatment with GLP-1s is tolerance and patient compliance. Common side effects include the following gastrointestinal disturbances – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. There is research being done into therapies to reduce and better manage these symptoms to improve patient comfort and compliance.
Although GLP-1s are generally considered safe for most people, long-term effects, particularly on the musculoskeletal system and other organ systems, are still being studied. It’s important to discuss the risks and benefits of these medications with your healthcare provider before starting treatment.
For more information, check out our related article, ” Is Taking a GLP-1 for Weight Loss the Right Choice for You?”